Nursefriendly.com: risk of infectious complications

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Saturday, April 16, 2011

Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry

Abstract

We characterized the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility profiles, and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus among US meat and poultry samples (n = 136). S. aureus contaminated 47% of samples, and multidrug resistance was common among isolates (52%). S. aureus genotypes and resistance profiles differed significantly among sample types, suggesting food animal–specific contamination.

Antimicrobials are used extensively in food animal production, where they are often applied subtherapeutically for growth promotion and routine disease prevention [1]. Surveys conducted by the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) indicate that retail meat and poultry products are frequently contaminated with multidrug-resistant Campylobacter species, Salmonella species, Enterococcus species, and Escherichia coli [2]; but little is known about the prevalence of other antibiotic-resistant pathogens in the US food supply.

via cid.oxfordjournals.org

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Wednesday, April 6, 2011

Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission: Implications for the United States | Factsheets | CDC HIV/AIDS

Several types of research have documented that male circumcision significantly reduces the risk of HIV acquisition by men during penile-vaginal sex.

Biologic Plausibility

Compared with the dry external skin surface, the inner mucosa of the foreskin has less keratinization (deposition of fibrous protein), a higher density of target cells for HIV infection (Langerhans cells), and is more susceptible to HIV infection than other penile tissue in laboratory studies [2]. The foreskin may also have greater susceptibility to traumatic epithelial disruptions (tears) during intercourse, providing a portal of entry for pathogens, including HIV [3]. In addition, the microenvironment in the preputial sac between the unretracted foreskin and the glans penis may be conducive to viral survival [1]. Finally, the higher rates of sexually transmitted genital ulcerative disease, such as syphilis, observed in uncircumcised men may also increase susceptibility to HIV infection [4].

International Observational Studies

A systematic review and meta-analysis that focused on male circumcision and heterosexual transmission of HIV in Africa was published in 2000 [5]. It included 19 cross-sectional studies, 5 case-control studies, 3 cohort studies, and 1 partner study. A substantial protective effect of male circumcision on risk for HIV infection was noted, along with a reduced risk for genital ulcer disease. After adjustment for confounding factors in the population-based studies, the relative risk for HIV infection was 44% lower in circumcised men. The strongest association was seen in men at high risk, such as patients at sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics, for whom the adjusted relative risk was 71% lower for circumcised men.

via cdc.gov

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Monday, March 21, 2011

Education Resources, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc APIC |

APIC works to provide information to both the general public and healthcare professionals. The brochures on this page are regularly reviewed and updated as needed to insure that the information provided is current. These materials are available for you to download, copy and distribute free of charge. These pamphlets are intended to provide a general reference to each topic. No brochure can adequately diagnose a medical condition. If in doubt regarding your symptoms, please contact a healthcare professional.

10 tips for preventing the spread of infection
Los Hechos Sobre Chlamydia
Antibiotic Safety
Meningococcal Meningitis
Chlamydia
Mold in Your Home
Companion Animals and Your Health
Patient Safety - Protecting Yourself from Medical Errors

via apic.org

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Monday, February 28, 2011

Fast response crucial in outbreaks of food-borne illness, study finds - USATODAY.com

Nearly three years after a nationwide salmonella outbreak that sickened about 1,500 people and claimed two lives, U.S. epidemiologists have learned that speed is of the essence in identifying sources of food contamination and preventing further infection.
But speed requires resources that cost money and, as an editorial accompanying the paper in the Feb. 23 online issue of the
New England Journal of Medicine points out, funds may not be forthcoming.
Although the recently signed Food Safety Modernization Act could help the U.S. Food and Drug Administration respond better to outbreaks of food-borne illness, the reality is that Congress still needs to authorize the money, the editorial stated.

via yourlife.usatoday.com

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Friday, February 18, 2011

C. Difficile Spreads from Hospital to Community, ACG from MedPage Today

Clostridium difficile infection has spread from the hospital to the community but has proved manageable thus far, according to data reported here.

From 1991 to 2005, the incidence of community-acquired C. difficile in Olmsted County, Minn., quadrupled but still remained less common than the hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection, Sahil Khanna, MD, of the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn., said at the American College of Gastroenterology meeting.

"Patients with community-acquired C. difficile infection were younger, more likely to be female, and less likely to have severe infections," Khanna observed.

Epidemiologic studies have shown an increasing incidence of both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. However, few studies have looked at the incidence of community-acquired C. difficile, said Khanna.

via medpagetoday.com

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Friday, February 11, 2011

Balancing infection control with the patient experience, KevinMD.com

by Kevin Pho, MD
Hospitals have recently been stepping up their infection control procedures, in the wake of news about iatrogenic infections afflicting patients when they are admitted.
Doctors are increasingly wearing a variety of protective garb — gowns, gloves and masks — while seeing patients.
In an interesting New York Times column, Pauline Chen wonders how this affects the doctor-patient relationship.
She cites a study from the Annals of Family Medicine, which concluded that,
fear of contagion among physicians, studies have shown, can compromise the quality of care delivered. When compared with patients not in isolation, those individuals on contact precautions have fewer interactions with clinicians, more delays in care, decreased satisfaction and greater incidences of depression and anxiety. These differences translate into more noninfectious complications like falls and pressure ulcers and an increase of as much at 100 percent in the overall incidence of adverse events.
Hospitals are in a no-win situation here. On one hand, they have to do all they can to minimize the risk of healthcare-acquired infections, but on the other, doctors need to strive for a closer bond with patients — which protective garb sometimes can impede.
More research is clearly needed to determine how much protection is actually needed to prevent the spread of infectious disease.
For instance, Dr. Chen cites studies where,
researchers at the Medical College of Virginia in Richmond found that the rate of infection was identical whether health care workers wore gowns and gloves with only the patients in isolation or whether they wore only gloves with all patients.
So there’s some evidence that being overly protective may not necessarily help.
The key is finding the right balance between infection control and preserving the physician-patient relationship. With rapidly advancing, and sometimes impersonal, technology, combined with the legitimate fear of hospital-acquired contagion, it’s easy to forget about the patient experience during their hospital stay.

via kevinmd.com

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Wednesday, February 2, 2011

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) Portal | Home Content

As a healthcare professional, you recognize the importance of preventing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and keeping your patients safe. Yet, even with advances in modern-day medicine, HAIs persist. Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) have the highest patient mortality and the highest financial cost of any HAIs.

The good news: Scientific evidence demonstrates — time and again — that CLABSIs are preventable!

Why are CLABSIs so prevalent and how can they be prevented?

This “I Believe in Zero CLABSIs” website was created to be a comprehensive, multidisciplinary resource to discuss and answer questions about CLABSIs while providing resources and answers.

Here you will find information on the root causes of CLABSIs and the tools you need to address this devastating — and preventable — problem.

Throughout this website, you will find tools, resources, case studies, and personal stories of success to prepare you — and inspire you — to help all healthcare institutions achieve ZERO CLABSIs.

These credible, proven strategies have been shared by the most renowned experts in the field. They are led by Dr. Peter Pronovost and represent a broad spectrum of clinical experts.

We not only believe in Zero CLABSIs — we know it is possible, and these tools and resources will show you how.

via clabsi.apic.org

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Cash machines 'as dirty as toilets' - Telegraph

Experts took swabs from the numeric key pads on a string of city centre ATMs around England which are used by thousands of shoppers every day.

They then took similar swabs from the seats of nearby public lavatories and compared the bacteria under microscopes in a lab.

The swab were left to grow overnight and samples from both locations were found to contain pseudomonads and bacillus, bacterias which are known to cause sickness and diarrhoea.

Yesterday (Mon) Dr Richard Hastings, microbiologist for BioCote, a built-in, antibacterial product coating, said: ''We were interested in comparing the levels of bacterial contamination between heavily-used ATM machines and public lavatories.

''We were surprised by our results because the ATM machines were shown to be heavily contaminated with bacteria; to the same level as nearby public lavatories.

''In addition the bacteria we detected on ATMs were similar to those from the toilet, which are well known as causes of common human illnesses.''

BioCote carried out the swab tests after they carried out a survey which revealed Brits consider public lavatories to be the biggest health risk.

The study of 3,000 adults also revealed public telephones are considered the biggest health risk.

via telegraph.co.uk

You might want to wear gloves when you use the ATM next.

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Wednesday, December 29, 2010

Study: Surgical Delays Have Profoundly Adverse Impact | National Nursing News

A new study emphasizes why caregivers must work to minimize delays in certain elective surgical procedures for patients who have been admitted to the hospital.
Delays substantially increase the risk of infectious complications and raise hospital costs, according to a comprehensive study in the December issue of the Journal of the American College of Surgeons.
Using a nationwide sample of 163,006 patients ages 40 and older between 2003 and 2007, the authors evaluated patients who developed postoperative complications after one of three high-volume elective surgical procedures: coronary bypass graft, colon resections and lung resections.
For each type of procedure, according to the researchers, infection rates increased significantly from those performed on the first day of admission to those performed a day later, two to five days later and six to 10 days later. With each procedure, there was a difference of at least 10 percentage points between infection rates performed on the day of admission and those performed six to 10 days later.
Delays also increased total hospital costs from $36,079 to $47,5237 for CABG, $20,265 to $29,887 for colon resections and $26,323 to $30,571 for lung resections.
The occurrence of infection after surgical procedures remains a major source of ill health and expense despite extensive prevention efforts via educational programs, clinical guidelines and hospital policies, according to the researchers.
The analysis “confirms a direct correlation between delaying procedures and negative patient outcomes,” lead author Todd R. Vogel, MD, MPH, FACS, assistant professor of surgery at the University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, said in a news release.
“As pay-for-performance models become increasingly prevalent, it will be imperative for hospitals to consider policies aimed at preventing delays and thereby reducing infection rates.”
Patients more likely to experience in-hospital surgical delays were age 80 and older, female and minorities. They had existing health issues such as congestive heart failure, chronic pulmonary disease and renal failure.

via news.nurse.com

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Saturday, April 16, 2011

Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in US Meat and Poultry

Abstract

Wednesday, April 6, 2011

Male Circumcision and Risk for HIV Transmission: Implications for the United States | Factsheets | CDC HIV/AIDS

Monday, March 21, 2011

Education Resources, Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc APIC |

Monday, February 28, 2011

Fast response crucial in outbreaks of food-borne illness, study finds - USATODAY.com

Friday, February 18, 2011

C. Difficile Spreads from Hospital to Community, ACG from MedPage Today

Friday, February 11, 2011

Balancing infection control with the patient experience, KevinMD.com

Wednesday, February 2, 2011

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) Portal | Home Content

Cash machines 'as dirty as toilets' - Telegraph

Wednesday, December 29, 2010

Study: Surgical Delays Have Profoundly Adverse Impact | National Nursing News

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